Factores asociados al desarrollo de anemia gestacional, Hospital Nacional Adolfo Guevara Velasco del Cusco, 2018.

Abstract

ANTECEDENTES: la anemia en la mujer embarazada es un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo que se asocia con complicaciones en la madre, como mayor riesgo de parto pre término, y en el recién nacido, como bajo peso al nacer, menor desarrollo psicomotor y mortalidad perinatal, entre otras. La causa es multifactorial e incluye factores maternos, nutricionales y algunos sociodemográficos. OBJETIVO: Identificar los factores asociados, al desarrollo de anemia en el embarazo. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio observacional, analítico, transversal tipo casos y controles, con 90 casos y 180 controles realizándoles una entrevista directa a mujeres embarazadas que acudieron al Hospital Nacional Adolfo Guevara Velasco del Cusco de Enero a Marzo del 2018. Se realizó muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple, análisis estadístico con pruebas de ji cuadrado, con el programa SPSS. V. 23. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 270 embarazadas, 90 gestantes con anemia y 180 gestantes sin anemia, con edad promedio de 31,04 ± 5,54 años; la hemoglobina promedio de gestantes anémicas era de 12,20 ± 1,10 gr/dl; los factores asociados a anemia en el embarazo fueron, tamaño de la familia = 5 integrantes (OR=3,688; IC 95% [1,868-7,279]), periodo intergenesico corto (OR=6,155; IC 95% [3,528-10,738]), control prenatal inadecuado (OR=1,777; IC 95% [1,006-3,138]), historia de hipermenorrea (OR=6,226; IC 95% [3,559-10,893]), puntación baja en diversidad de la dieta (OR=5,368; IC 95% [3,070-9,385]), frecuencia de comidas = 2 veces/día (OR=5,50 ; IC 95% [1,674-18,066]) y pica durante el embarazo (OR=5,429 ; IC 95% [2,357-12,505]) CONCLUSIONES: La anemia gestacional se asoció de manera estadísticamente significativa con el tamaño familiar = 5 integrantes, periodo intergenésico corto, control prenatal inadecuado, historia de hipermenorrea ,puntuación baja de diversidad dietética, frecuencia de comidas = 2 veces/día y pica durante el embarazo.

BACKGROUND: Anemia in pregnant women is a public health problem worldwide that is associated with complications in the mother, such as increased risk of preterm labor, and in the newborn, such as low birth weight, less psychomotor development and perinatal mortality, among others. The cause is multifactorial and includes maternal, nutritional and some socio-demographic factors. OBJECTIVE: To identify the factors associated with the development of anemia in pregnancy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: observational, analytical, cross-sectional case-control study, with 90 cases and 180 controls, conducting a direct interview with pregnant women who went to the Adolfo Guevara Velasco National Hospital in Cusco from January to March 2018. Probabilistic sampling was carried out simple randomization, statistical analysis with chi-squared tests, with the SPSS program. V. 23. RESULTS: 270 pregnant women, 90 pregnant women with anemia and 180 pregnant women without anemia were included, with an average age of 31.04 ± 5.54 years; the average hemoglobin of anemic pregnant women was 12.20 ± 1.10 gr / dl; the factors associated with anemia in pregnancy were, family size =5 members (OR = 3.688, 95% CI [1.868-7.279]), short intergenic period (OR = 6.155, 95% CI [3.528-10.738]), inadequate prenatal control (OR = 1.777, 95% CI [1,006-3,138]), history of hypermenorrhea (OR = 6.226, 95% CI [3.559-10.893]), low score in diet diversity (OR = 5.368, 95% CI % [3,070-9,385]), meal frequency = 2 times / day (OR = 5.50, 95% CI [1,674-18,066]) and itches during pregnancy (OR = 5,429, 95% CI [2,357-12,505] CONCLUSIONS: Gestational anemia was associated statistically significantly with family size =5 members, short intergenic period, inadequate prenatal control, history of hypermenorrhea, low score of dietary diversity, frequency of meals = 2 times / day and itch during the pregnancy.